Foundations of the Human-Energy Interface

Laying the foundation for energy justice

The publications collected here provide some groundwork for scholarship on understanding the human dimensions of the clean energy transition. Our studies define the core principles of energy justice, map out structural factors that make certain populations and regions more vulnerable to economic and social disruptions, and establish baseline definitions for energy justice—including core themes of household energy insecurity, legacy fossil fuel community transitions, energy siting in communities, and technology access—across the United States.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Research Publications

Justice & Equity

Understand the justice and equity implications of the energy transition.

"The justice and equity implications of the clean energy transition," (S. Carley, D. M. Konisky), Nature Energy, (June 2020)

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Political Agendas

As political power shifts in Washington D.C., the future of U.S. climate policy may depend on how federal, state, and local governments share responsibility for advancing clean energy and creating jobs. 

"Jobs, Justice, and Federalism: The Durability of the Biden Administration's Energy and Climate Agenda under the Trump Administration," (S. Gadzanku, M. Ahmed, S. Carley), Publius: The Journal of Federalism, (July 2026)

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Hydropower Communities

A closer look at Ghana's Akosombo Dam reveals how the benefits and burdens of hydropower are distributed and why energy justice must put affected communities at the center of the transition. 

"'Hydropower communities' and energy justice: a case study of the Akosombo Dam in Ghana," (S. N. Duamor, S. Carley), Environmental Research Energy, (June 2026)

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Understanding the Challenges

Achieving energy justice requires more than just new technologies. It means rethinking the institutions and policies that shape who has access to affordable, reliable energy. 

"Understanding Energy Justice Challenges Through a Regulatory and Institutional Lens," (S. Carley), International Association for Energy Economics, (June 2026)

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Structural Barriers & Pathways

A just clean energy transition requires more than new technology. It demands dismantling the structural barriers that determine who benefits and who is left behind. 

"Structural barriers and policy pathways for a just clean energy transition," (H. Hoehnke, M. Wussow, C. Zanocco, S. Carley, D. Konisky, D. Neumann), Nature Reviews Clean Technology, (March 2026)

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Policy Modernization

Our energy assistance programs were designed to keep people warm. Turns out, keeping them cool might matter just as much. 

"It is time to modernize energy insecurity policies to account for extreme heat," (S. Carley, D. M. Konisky), Joule, (March 2025)

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Decision-Making Metrics

A guide to the metrics researchers and policymakers use to measure energy equity, and the trade-offs involved in choosing the right one. 

"Metrics for Decision-Making in Energy Justice," (E. Baker, S. Carley, S. Castellanos, D. Nock, J. F. Bozeman, D. Konisky, C. G. Monyei, M. Shah, B. Sovacool), Annual Review of Environment and Resources(November 2023)

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Mapping County Vulnerabilities

Energy-producing counties in Appalachia, Texas and the Gulf Coast region, and the Intermountain West may experience outsized impacts from the energy transition.

"Mapping county-level vulnerability to the energy transition in US fossil fuel communities," (D. Raimi, S. Carley, D. M. Konisky), Nature: Scientific Reports,(September 2022)

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Equity and Technological Innovation

Net Zero icon, by Fran CuotoTo what extent are low-carbon technologies, and their associated behaviors, currently equitable, and what are potential policy and research implications moving forward?

"Equity, technological innovation, and sustainable behavior in a low-carbon future," (B. K. Sovacool, P. Newell, S. Carley, J. Fanzo), Nature Human Behavior, (January 2022)

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Green New Deal

Explore how the goals of the Green New Deal will impact businesses.

"What would the Green New Deal mean for business?" (S. Carley, D. M. Konisky), Harvard Business Review, (February 2019)

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Communities' Perceptions

Investigate the concerns of stakeholders' in front-line communities.

"Stakeholder perceptions of the United States energy transition: Local-level dynamics and community responses to national politics and policy," (M. Graff, S. Carley, D. M. Konisky), Energy Research and Social Science, (September 2018)

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Literature Review

Further your understanding of the energy justice field through our review.

"A review of the environmental policy literature from 2014-2017 with a closer look at the energy justice field," (M. Graff, S. Carley, M. Pirog), Policy Studies Journal, (April 2019)

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Adaptation in Coal Country

Consider challenges faced by coal mining communities.

"Adaptation, culture, and the energy transition in American coal country," (S. Carley, T. Evans, D. M. Konisky), Energy Research and Social Science , (March 2018)

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Vulnerability Framework

Adverse effects are not evenly spread across the US; some communities are more vulnerable to these effects than others.

"A framework for evaluating geographic disparities in energy transition vulnerability," (S. Carley, T. Evans, M. Graff, D. M. Konisky), Nature Energy, (May 2017)

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